Definition
Ransomware is a type of malware that encrypts a victim's files or locks their system, demanding a ransom payment for restoration. It often uses encryption techniques or system lockouts, and can include double extortion where data theft is coupled with encryption.How It Works
- 1Infection: Spreads through phishing emails, malicious attachments, or exploits like CVE-2017-0144 (used by WannaCry).
- 2Execution: Encrypts files or locks the user out once on the system.
- 3Demand: Displays a ransom note demanding payment, usually in cryptocurrency.
- 4Double Extortion (optional): Threatens to release stolen data publicly if the ransom isn't paid.
Key Characteristics
- Encryption-Based: Files are encrypted using complex algorithms.
- Locker Ransomware: Locks access to the entire system.
- Ransom Note: Provides payment instructions, often with a deadline.
- Ransomware-as-a-Service (RaaS): Ransomware sold or rented to criminals.
Comparison
| Type | Mechanism | Data Theft |
|---|---|---|
| Encryption-Based | Encrypts files | Rare |
| Locker Ransomware | Locks system | No |
| Double Extortion | Encrypts & steals | Yes |
Real-World Example
The WannaCry attack in 2017 exploited a vulnerability (CVE-2017-0144) in Windows systems, encrypting data and demanding ransom worldwide. The Colonial Pipeline attack in 2021 disrupted fuel supply by encrypting critical systems.Detection & Prevention
- Backups: Regularly back up data offline.
- Patch Management: Keep systems updated to protect against known vulnerabilities.
- Security Tools: Use antivirus and network monitoring tools like Burp Suite and nmap.
- User Training: Educate employees on phishing and suspicious emails.
Common Misconceptions
- Paying the Ransom Guarantees Return: Payment doesn't ensure data recovery.
- Only Targets Large Companies: Individuals and small businesses are also at risk.
- Backups Eliminate All Risk: While helpful, backups alone can't prevent data theft.